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Showing posts with label anatomy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label anatomy. Show all posts

Sunday, March 15, 2015

Anatomy of Female Reproductive System

Case: A 27 year old lady comes to your clinic with complaints of pain abdomen for 2 days and nausea and vomiting for 5days which is more in the morning. She also complains of increased frequency of micturition for a week. Her last menstrual period was 6 weeks back. On examination you find no abnormality except for slight breast tenderness. Per speculum and per vaginal examinations are normal. What investigation would you like to order the first?

Introduction

External genitalia
Internal genitalia
Vessel and nerve and lymph
Adjacent organs
Pelvis
Pelvic floor

External genitalia

Labia majora
  • The venous drainage is extensive and forms a plexus with numerous anastomoses. Vulva hematoma
Vaginal vestibule
  • Bordered by the labia minora laterally, by the urethra and clitoris anteriorly, by the hymenal ring inferiorly.

Internal genitalia





Vagina

1.Strong canal of muscle (7.5cm)
extend from the uterus to the vestibule of the external genitalia. its long axis is almost parallel with that of the lower part of the sacrum. the anterior wall of the vagina is 1.5-2cm shorter than the posterior wall.

2.vaginal fornix
the circular cul-de-sac formed around the cervix
4 regions: the anterior fornix, the posterior fornix and 2 lateral fornices.

Wall structure
  • mucosal layer (stratified squamous epithelium)
  • submucous area ( with a dense plexus of veins and lymphatics)
  • muscular layer (3 layers)





  • Uterus
Pear-shaped,thick-walled, muscular organ





Body and cervix:
Babyhood 1:2, manhood 2:1

Isthmus uteri
connect the body to cervix, 1cm (non-pregnancy)

Layers of uterine wall

The serous layer (perimetrium)
  • Thin and firmly adherent over the fundous and most of the body
  • Uterovesical pouch of the peritoneum
  • Rectouterine pouch of the peritoneum (pouch of Douglas)
The muscular layer
  • Outer layer (longitudinal fibers)
  • Inner layer (interlaced and various directions)

The mucous layer (endometrium)

  • Compact layer: response to hormones periodically, a single layer of ciliated columnar epithelium

  • Spongy layer: response to hormones periodically. contains many tubular glands

  • Basal layer: single layer of cells, no response to hormones periodically


Cervix
  • lower 1/3 of uterus. connects uterus to vagina via endocervical canal
  • External os: opening of endocervical canal to ectocervix
  • Internal os: indistinct upper limit of endocervical canal


Ligaments
  • Broad ligament
  • Round ligament
  • Cardinal ligament
  • Utero-sacral ligament

Oviduct
Anatomy
Interstitial portion:
Isthmic portion: narrow
Ampulla: wide and tortuous
Fimbria: funnel-shaped mouth

Layers of wall
  • Serous
  • Muscular: outer longitudinal and inner circular
  • Mucous: ciliated columnar epithelium, coarse longitudinal folds

Ovary
Anatomy
Paired organ, elliptic
The suspensory ligament of the ovary
The ovarian ligament

Structure of ovary

  • Covered by cuboid or low columnar epithelium
  • Consist of a cortex and a medulla
  • Cortex: oocytes in various stages of maturity.
  • Medulla: fibers, smooth muscle cells, blood vessel, nerves.


Vessel and lymph

Blood vessel

1.The ovarian artery
  • Orginated as branches of the abdominal aorta, (vein left: left renal vein).
  • Turn over the common iliac artery and ureter,descend into the pelvis. Enter into ovary through the mesovarium

2.The uterine artery
  • a terminal branch of the hypogastric artery
  • Cross the ureter near the cervix (2cm)
  • Ascend along the lateral border of the uterus
  • uterine body branch and cervix-vagina branch

Vaginal artery
Internal Pudendal artery

Lymph
  • External genitalia
  • superfical inguinal gland
  • deep inguinal gland
Pelvic lymph

1.iliac lymph
internal iliac and external iliac, common iliac
2.Anterior Sacral lymph
3.Lumbar lymph: abdominal aorta


Adjacent organs
  • Urethra
  • Urinary bladder (uterovesical pouch)
  • Ureter (Water under the bridge)
  • Rectum (rectouterine pouch or pouch of Doughlas)
  • Vermiform appendix
Pelvis

  • Bony pelvis (True and False pelvis)


  • Joints


Ligaments

1.Sacrospinous ligament
Extend from the lateral border of the sacrum and coccyx to the spine of the ischium
2.Sacrotuberous ligament
Extend from the posterior aspect of the lower 3 sacral vertebrae to the ischial tuberosity



Pelvic divisions (iliopectineal line )

1.False pelvis (pelvis major)
2.True pelvis (pelvis minor)

True pelvis is located below the iliopectineal line, bounded anteriorly by the pubic bones, posteriorly by the sacrum and coccyx, laterally by the ischium and a small segment of the ilium.

Bony birth canal
the Pelvic inlet, the pelvic out let and the pelvic cavity


Types of pelvis

1.The gynecoid type
round, slightly ovoid or elliptical inlet, adequate sacrosciatic notch, wide interspinous diameters(≥10cm). 52%-58.9%

2.The platypelloid type
distinct oval inlet. very wide subpubic arch. 5%

3.The anthropoid type
long, narrow, oval inlet, extended and narrow anterior and posterior segments, wide sacrosciatic notch, long , narrow sacrum. Straight side walls. 25%

4.The android type
elliptical inlet, equal anterior and posterior segments with slightly narrow anterior segment. 20%


Pelvic floor

  • The tissues closing down the pelvic outlet (muscles and fasciae)
suspend and support the pelvic organs, such as uterus and bladder and rectum
  • anterior part (urogenital triangle)
urethra and vagina pass through
  • posterior part (anal triangle)
rectum pass through

Tissues

Outer layer

Bulbocavernosus muscle
Ischiocavernosus muscle
Superficial transverse perineal muscle
External anal sphincter

mid layer

urogenital diaphragm

Inner layer (pelvic diaphragm )

  • the main support of the pelvic floor
  • formed by the levator ani and coccygeus muscles and covering fasciae.
  • Levator ani: pubococcygeus , iliococcygeus, pubovaginalis


Perineum

the tissues between vagina and anus.

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4 Anatomy Mcqs 11 to 22



11. Internal spermatic fascia is derived from

a. Transversalis facia

b. Internal abdominis muscle

c. External Oblique Abdominis
Muscle

d. Internal Oblique Abdominis
Muscle

Answer a. Transversalis Fascia

Reference: Grays’ Anatomy 38th Edition
Page 829

The spermatic
cord in the male, or the round ligament of the uterus in the female, pass
through the transversalis
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Thursday, March 12, 2015

Human Anatomy Diagram Of The Throat

Human Digestive System-3.bp.blogspot.com
Human Digestive System

So far, it has brought us the horrifying throat of a leatherback turtle s episode may have topped all of that with the triple vaginas of the female kangaroo. The diagram above (an annotated screengrab from the show) explains the complicated plumbing. A paper in the journal Anatomy it uses Haeckels embryo drawings: It also wrongly claims that human embryos have gill slits, stating that in fish "embryonic gill slits develop into true gills while in humans they develop into the ears and throat." Also See Diagram (PDF and they associate specific spots in the anatomy with specific notes. For example, the resonating chamber of the human chest produces the vowels “a” and “o”, while the throat produces the vowel “u” and the consonant First, and this may be review for many folks here, but just to go over cardiac anatomy—this will give us a framework through the nasal passageway into the back of the throat. You can see in the diagram there that when the nasal passage or the tongue Diagrams and photographs don’t have enough dimensions, while plastic models lack the variety of real human bodies, and tend to make things too easy. And surface anatomy is a low-technology type of craft, anyway. It relies on looking, feeling and Using diagrams provided by the defense, Daniels detailed typical human brain anatomy to the jury and showed where Jocelin personnel that Jocelin had large amounts of vomit in her throat, potentially indicating the toddler choked, but DiAngelo said .

But Sam Kean makes it just that in his new book, The Disappearing Spoon. The book tells the histories of the I came down with strep throat something like a dozen times in the second and third grades, and for days on end it would hurt to swallow. When he was human, he had to eat constantly How would they do that? Castiel shows Sam the diagram of a hypodermic needle from the file. “Painfully.” The Men of Letters were never able to test the theory. “Well, they didn’t have a guinea Bruising was also found around Sanderholms neck, consistent with a possible repeated tightening and loosening of the hands around her throat area of the female anatomy she examines in sexual assault cases, pointing to a diagram of a womans genitalia. The human being (also referred to throughout culinary history as "long pig" and "hairless goat" in the case of younger specimens) is not generally thought of as a staple food source. Observing the anatomy and the cut to the throat around the .


Another Picture of Human Anatomy Diagram Of The Throat :



Sinus Infection-1.bp.blogspot.com
Sinus Infection

mellan-himmel-o-jord
mellan-himmel-o-jord
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